![]() Insomnia due to a mental disorder, is the most common diagnosis among those who seek medical evaluation / treatment in sleep disorders' centers. Insomnia is known to be more frequent in people with underlying psychiatric disorders. Therefore, the specific personality traits for insomniacs are depressed mood, rumination, chronic anxiety, inhibition of emotions, and inability to express anger. Patients with chronic insomnia exhibit high levels of psychopathology expressed by high scores in the depression (D), psychasthenia (Pt) and hysteria (Hy) scales of the MMPI. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) personality profiles in insomnia demonstrate a high specificity and consistency among patients. Insomniacs compared to controls, tend to be more discontent, both as children and as adults, have less satisfying interpersonal relations, and relatively poor self concepts, leading to inadequate coping mechanisms for dealing with stress. Stressful life events are closely associated with the onset of chronic insomnia and are mediated by certain predisposing personality factors. The emotional factors involved in the development and persistence of insomnia have been assessed in numerous studies investigating stressful life events, personality patterns, and psychiatric diagnoses. The role of emotional stress and psychiatric disorders In terms of socioeconomic status, insomnia is more frequent among individuals who are separated, divorced or widowed, especially in women, or have a lower educational / economical status or are unemployed. ![]() Aging is another significant factor associated with increased prevalence of insomnia, present in up to 50% of people over 65 years old. increased prevalence of depression in women, seem to be also significant. Menopause has been proposed as an explanation for this difference among mid-aged men and women but other underlying chronic conditions, e.g. Insomnia occurs more frequently in women, both in terms of symptoms reported and of daytime consequences. Several factors, such as gender, age, socioeconomic status have been associated with the prevalence of insomnia. In regard to impairment of daytime functioning there is no objective way to measure it and only subjective reports can indicate its significance. Symptoms that last between one and six months are classified as sub-acute insomnia, whereas if they persist for more than six months, then they are classified as chronic insomnia. Transient insomnia would usually be self-resolved after the person is adjusted to the stressful event or the events are resolved. Furthermore, the duration of a month or less is called transient insomnia and is frequently triggered by external stressors. A presentation of insomnia for three or more times weekly is evaluated as clinically significant. The significance of insomnia is determined by its severity, frequency, duration and the daytime function impairment. other sleep disorder, psychiatric disorder, medical condition, is attributed. Additionally, nighttime symptoms are accompanied by clinically significant impairment in daytime function, for which no identifiable cause i.e. Insomnia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV TR), is defined as the complaint of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, early awakening, and interrupted or non-restorative sleep. Chronic insomnia results to impaired occupational performance and affects quality of life. The inadequate identification and treatment of insomnia has significant medical and public health implications. However, insomnia has always been and still is an under-recognized and therefore under-treated problem, since about 60% of the people suffering from insomnia never talk to their physicians about their sleeping difficulties. While one-fourth to one-third of the general population reports a complaint of difficulty falling and / or staying asleep, about 10% present chronic complaints and seek medical help for insomnia. Its prevalence varies considerably based on the definition used. ICD-10-CM F51.01 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v41.Insomnia is considered to be the most common sleep disorder.
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